THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO PAIN MANAGEMENT

Opioids exert their consequences on both equally presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. Presynaptically, opioids block calcium channels on nociceptive afferent nerves, So inhibiting the discharge of neurotransmitters like material P and glutamate. Postsynaptically, opioids greatly enhance the activity of potassium channels, Consequently hyperpola